Episode 325 Failure to Progress: What It Isn’t and What It Is...

The VBAC Link

Women of Strength, how many of you have “failure to progress” on your operative report as the reason for your Cesarean(s)?

Meagan and Julie talk ALL about failure to progress today– how it led to their own Cesareans and how after breaking it down, they both realized that neither of them actually qualified for that label.

When is it failure to progress and when is it failure to wait? What does failure to progress actually mean?

This is an episode you will want to listen to over and over again. From learning all of the ways a cervix changes other than just dilation to all of the possible positions you can try during a lull in labor, Meagan and Julie share invaluable current research and personal experiences on this hot topic!

ACOG Article: Limiting Interventions During Labor and Birth

AJOG Article: Safe Prevention of a Primary Cesarean Delivery

The Journal of Perinatal Education: Preventing a Primary Cesarean

OBG Project Article

The VBAC Link Blog: Failure to Progress

How to VBAC: The Ultimate Prep Course for Parents

Full Transcript under Episode Details

Meagan: Hello. I am with Julie today and we are going to be talking about failure to progress. If you have been diagnosed with failure to progress– and I say diagnosed because they actually put them on our op reports like it’s a diagnosis of failure of progress meaning our cervix does not know what to do. It cannot make it to 10 centimeters or it hasn’t or it will not in the future, then I am telling you right now that this is definitely a great episode for you.

Even if you haven’t been told, it’s going to be a great episode because we are going to talk about some other great things in the end about what to do in labor position-wise and all of the things. So we’re going to get going, but Julie apparently has a Review of the Week. We weren’t going to do one, but she says she has a Review of the Week. So, Julie? I will turn the time over to you.

Julie: This is my review. Are you ready?

Meagan: I’m actually really curious.

Julie: “I’m so excited. Thank you so much, Meagan and Julie. I love The VBAC Link!” Signed, lots of people everywhere.

Meagan: I love it.

Julie: We don’t have a Review of the Week so I just made one up. Boom. There. Signed, Anonymous

Meagan: All right, you guys. Failure to progress: what it is and what it isn’t. Let’s talk about what it is. What does it mean? Essentially, it means that your provider believes that your cervix did not progress in an adequate amount of time and there’s also failure to progress as in your body may have gone into or you are going in for an induction and then they couldn’t even get labor going which we all know is usually not the case that your body really couldn’t do it, but failure to progress is when your cervix does not continually dilate in an adequate amount of time.

Would you change anything about that, Julie, or add anything to that?

Julie: Sorry, I didn’t hear half of that. I was just going through it. I was going through the things just to make sure that we are 100% accurate on what we are about to say. Whatever you said, yeah. That sounds great. Yeah. Let’s go with it.

Meagan: Failure to progress– the cervix is not dilating in an adequate amount of time.

Julie: Basically, yeah. Your cervix isn’t changing so you’ve got to do a C-section because it’s not working basically.

Meagan: Okay, so what it isn’t– do you want to talk about what it isn’t?

Julie: What it isn’t? It isn’t– sorry, I’m trying to say it.

Meagan: It isn’t true most of the time.

Julie: Most of the time it’s not true. It isn’t what we think it is and if it is, it’s not a sign that your body is broken. It’s not exclusion. It’s not a reason to exclude you from trying for a VBAC. It’s not your fault. It usually is a failure from the system where people are in a rush or in a hurry and just not knowing how to move past a stall in labor or not understanding the true flow of how some labors take.

I mean, I was diagnosed with failure to progress. You were diagnosed with failure to progress and I know that both of our literal clinical outlook at the time we were diagnosed with failure to progress was not true failure to progress.

Meagan: Mhmm.

Julie: According to what the actual guidelines and requirements are. So I always say, yeah. What you said, it is not true.

Meagan: It is not true.

Julie: We joke about that and use it loosely. Sometimes it is true. I’ve seen one true failure to progress diagnosis in over 100 births, but I feel like most of us listening and most of us who have C-sections have them because of failure to progress.

Now, mine when I was in labor, I was not told failure to progress. I was told fetal heart tones, but that’s another topic for another episode– what we are told versus what is in our op reports. So yeah, let’s do a little plug-in about getting your op report. Find out what is actually in the notes that say why your C-section was called because it’s not uncommon for what it was written down to be different than what you were told in the moment.

I feel like having an accurate clinical understanding of what your Cesarean looks like on paper to another doctor who is reviewing your birth is super important.

Meagan: Absolutely. I agree and also, I think that it’s important to note that if you have been told this and you have doubt in your body, that it is normal to have doubt because we have been told that we can’t do something and that our body can’t dilate, but I also want to plug-in that really try not to believe that. Try your hardest. Do whatever you can to not believe that. It’s going to help you. Believe the opposite. Believe that your body can do it. Believe that you were most likely set up in a less-ideal circumstance that created that result, right?

Like an induction– it was a failure to descend, not progress, but I just recorded a story the other day where her water was broken at 6 centimeters, baby came down wonky. They couldn’t get baby out and they diagnosed her with CPD. There are these things that are happening a lot of the time where we are walking in to be induced way too early or really any time we are being induced could be too early especially if it’s just an elective. It can definitely be too early and our body is not ready so our body is not responding or our body is overwhelmed because it’s been given so much so fast and it doesn’t know what to do so it doesn’t react the way a provider wants it to by our cervix dilating.

It almost is reacting in the reverse way where it’s tense and tight and like, No. I’m not ready and I’m not letting this baby out. Don’t you feel like you’ve seen that?

Julie: Yeah. We’ve seen lots of things. I feel like that’s the tricky thing. We as doulas and birth photographers really do get to see the whole gamut of everything from home to birth center to hospital and everything. I feel like we have such a unique perspective on how labor is managed in and out of hospitals and how stalls or lulls in labor are managed in both places.

Let me tell you, it’s often way smoother and in my opinion way better outcomes when you are out of the hospital and that happens.

Meagan: Mhmm. Labor at home as long as you can. Yeah. I mean, one of the stories that I just recorded was an accidental home birth. It was not her plan, not even close, and it will for sure come across that way when she is telling the story, but there were so many things that she did within that labor like movement from the shower to the toilet to walking down the stairs to moving back to the toilet. There was all of this movement that sometimes doesn’t happen in a hospital or we’ve got, like I said, “Let’s break your water. Let’s do these things.” We’ve got these interventions that may help, but doesn’t always.

It may also cause problems.

Okay, so we have some updates for you on the safe prevention of a primary Cesarean delivery that Julie has found and then we also want to talk about what is adequate labor too? What does that mean and where do we decide or where does a provider decide if labor is not adequate?

Julie, do you want to talk about this for a minute on what you found from the OB/GYN Project?

Julie: That’s just a really nice summary. I really like it because it is all laid out really nicely. I am seeking out different pieces of information because there is updated information so I’m just looking for that. I’m not quite 100% certain I can speak to when it came out.

Evidence-Based Birth has some great information. They did a podcast episode on the Friedman’s curve. We know that dilating 1 centimeter an hour is based on the study that Friedman did. That’s incredibly flawed but there is new updated, more evidence-based information that has come out. I’m trying to find out when it came out actually because the Friedman curve was established I think in 1956 and let’s see.

In the 2010’s there were big shifts in the evidence. In 2014, ACOG had a study. Maternal Fetal Medicine published new guidelines on labor progress. Okay, so 2014 it looks like which is actually not that new anymore because it’s 10 years later. That was, I think– I don’t think it’s actually shifted that much at all. I’m just trying to figure that out right now. I’m sorry. Let’s see.

The Practice Bulletin– yeah. You go. Safe Prevention of the Primary Cesarean Delivery.

Meagan: I think we are looking at approaches to limit interventions during labor and birth, but we know that a lot of the time when we are introducing interventions, that is where we often will receive a failure to progress diagnosis because we are really introducing things, like I said earlier, when the body is not quite ready or the baby is not quite ready. Maybe the baby was already too high and was trying to make their way around and into the pelvis but now we’ve got an asynclitic baby or a transverse baby or an OP baby.

This one, Number 766 which we will have in today’s show notes actually originally replaced the committee of 687 in February 2017. The 766 was in 2019 and reaffirmed in 2021. Something that I like that it goes through is recommendations for women who are at term and spontaneous labor it happening. It talks about admission upon labor. It talks about premature rupture of membrane or rupturing of membranes which I think is a big one.

Really, through my own experience but also doula experience, I’ve seen so many people go through membrane rupturing whether artificially or spontaneously and then nothing is happening so we go in and we get induced. Or we are told the second our water breaks that we have to go in, then labor has not started yet so we are intervening.

One of the things it says is, “When membranes rupture at term before the onset of labor, approximately 77-79% of women will go into labor spontaneously within 12 hours. 95% will start labor within 24-28 hours.” I just had this experience with a VBAC client just the other day. Her water broke and within about 9 hours, she was starting to contract and within less than that, she actually progressed really quickly. Baby was born.

That was really great but then there are situations like myself where it takes forever for labor to even start. It took 18 hours for my very first contraction with my second baby to even start and then by 24-28 hours, I was in a repeat C-section because my body didn’t progress fast enough according to my provider.

It says that, “The median time to delivery for women managed expectantly is 33 hours and 95% had delivered by 94-107 hours after rupture of membranes.” I think that is something also really important to note that if your water breaks, it doesn’t mean we’re just having a baby right away. It doesn’t mean that our body is failing because we haven’t started labor. 94-107 hours after the rupture of membranes is when the baby had been born. That’s some time. We need to allow for the time.

Julie: That’s why I hate it when hospitals say, “If your water breaks, come in right now.” No.

Meagan: I know. My provider did that too because it makes sense in our heads. They’re saying, “Oh, just come in because we have to monitor baby because of infection and all of this stuff.” But we also have to take a step back and realize that once we go into that environment, one, that’s a new environment. We’re not familiar with that. All of those germs in that environment, we’re not accustomed to. We’re not immune to them.

And then two, we know that the second we go into labor and delivery units, what happens? They want to check our cervix which means–

Julie: Bacteria.

Meagan: There is bacteria that is possibly being exposed to the vaginal canal, right? Even if it’s a sterile glove, that still raises chances.

Julie: Yeah, sterile gloves really are not as sterile as people think.

Meagan: There are these things to keep in mind, but it’s so hard because for me, I had premature rupture of membranes. My body didn’t start labor, but I was told failure to progress after 12 hours for only reaching 3 centimeters. I was told failure to progress.

I just really liked that. I mean, I like a whole bunch of this but I really liked that part of the rupture of membranes because I think so often we are told, “Oh, your water is broken. You’re not progressing. You are a failure to progress.”

Or we are not progressing so we have to break our water to try and speed our labor up and then that doesn’t happen and then we are failure to progress. Can you see the problem here?

Julie: Total problem.

Meagan: It’s a problem.

Julie: It is a problem. So many problems. It’s fine. I just dropped two different links to the updated guidelines because it’s really funny. I’ve been going down the rabbit hole now while you’ve been talking so if I’m repeating things like I tend to do on you sometimes, please forgive me. I just think it’s interesting. There is starting to be a shift in pulling away from Friedman’s curve and going into a different way to consider an actual progression of labor which is a really cool, nice little shifty-shift here.

I feel like maybe let’s talk about what failure to progress really is. What are the guidelines for it? What is real failure to progress versus what you’ve probably been told about it? First of all, let’s just talk about– nothing.

Meagan: Can we use my own birth example just as a starting point to what this evidence is showing us or what the guidelines are? My water had broken spontaneously. It took a little bit to start labor. Within 12 hours, I was 3 centimeters and was told that my pelvis was too small and that I was failure to progress.

Water broken, I was 3 centimeters 12 hours into labor. all right, Julie. What am I? Am I real, true failure to progress or not?

Julie: No, you’re not. Absolutely not, are you kidding me? Because you were still in the first stage of labor. That is the number one thing. According to clinical guidelines, it is not failure to progress until you’re in the second stage of labor which is at least 6 centimeters dilated. So guess what, friends? If you got called failure to progress before you were 6 centimeters dilated– mine was labeled failure to progress at 4 centimeters so that rules me out. I mean, there are lots of things that rule me out and Meagan.

But if you are less than 6 centimeters, it is not failure to progress.

Meagan: Yeah, it even says right here. “Active phase arrest is defined as a woman at or beyond 6 centimeters dilation with ruptured of membranes who fails to progress despite 4 hours of adequate uterine activity or at least 6 hours of oxytocin administration with an adequate uterine activity and no cervical change.” Can we talk about that too? Adequate uterine activity.

You guys, at 3 centimeters with my water broken, I was still not in an active pattern to progress. It takes time. Our uterus doesn’t just start contracting regularly and adequately. It takes time. Then at that, I was only on oxytocin for 2 hours.

Julie: Pitocin. You were on Pitocin.

Meagan: Sorry. That’s what I meant. Pitocin. I’m looking at the word oxytocin administration. Pitocin.

Julie: We all know the truth.

Meagan: We all know that Pitocin is not oxytocin.

Julie: That is a soapbox for another day.

Meagan: I was only on Pitocin for 2 hours. 2 hours. At the top, it says, “Slow but progressive labor in the first stage of labor should not be an indication for a Cesarean. With a few exceptions, prolonged late phase greater than 20 hours in a first-time mother and greater than 14 hours in a multi (so a mom who is not a first-time mom) should not be an indication for Cesarean as long. As the mother and the baby are doing well, cervical dilation of 6 centimeters should be the threshold of an active phase of labor.”

Julie: Exactly. That’s it too. Later on after this, we’re going to talk about all the different ways a cervix can change because can I just tell you what? Someone says, “I’m 5 centimeters. I’m still 5 centimeters, great. Cool. What else has your cervix been doing? We’re going to talk about that in just a second.”

But yes, that’s the thing. It’s not failure to progress before 6 centimeters. It has to be 4 hours of adequate uterine activity which means strong, consistent contractions. Contractions that are strong enough. We could talk about the Montevideo units which is another measurement of the strength of contractions. We’re not going to talk about that because we just don’t have time, but are your uterine contractions strong enough? Yes? Then it’s got to be at least 4 hours without cervical change. No? Then great. Let’s do Pitocin and the inadequate amount of uterine activity. It says 6 hours or more of Pitocin without adequate uterine activity.

If you’ve been on Pitocin for 6 hours and your contractions– which has caused that adequate contractions– and there is still no cervical change, then you are failure to progress

Let’s talk about cervical change though because the cervix goes through so many things. When I was doula-ing, I talked about this a lot in our second prenatal visit about how a lot of times you’ll be like, Oh, cervical change. Yeah, dilation. Am I 4, 5, 6, 7, 8? But listen. The cervix goes through changes in 6 different ways. It moves forward so from posterior pointing backward toward to your spine. It straightens out to a more downward position.

It softens so it goes from hard like your forehead to hard like your nose to softer like your chin. It softens. It effaces which means it thins out so it starts thick. It thins out which is effacement. It dilates obviously which is the opening and then baby’s station like where baby is in the pelvis. Baby drops down, rotates, and descends. If you were 3 centimeters at your last cervical check and 60% effaced and 2 hours later at your next cervical check, you are 3 centimeters and 80% effaced, your cervix has thinned by 20% which is a good amount of cervical change.

Meagan: Good change, yeah.

Julie: If you were 6 centimeters and your baby was at a -2 station and at your next cervical check, you are 6 centimeters and your baby is -1 station which means your baby is lower in the pelvis, that is a cervical change. All of these things are shifting so I feel like it’s important that when we are talking about failure to progress or when we are talking about labor progress that we consider all of the things the cervix does.

I was just at a birth yesterday– not yesterday, two days ago. I don’t know. It was all night and it was long for me. All night is long. It doesn’t matter if i was there for 6 hours or 20 hours. If it was all night, I’m going to call it long as I’m getting older.

The client was still 4-5 centimeters but the cervix was a lot softer or stretchier I think at the one before this. Oh yeah, your cervix is super stretchy now. Those are all great cervical changes even though the dilation number hasn’t changed.

Meagan: Yeah, so coming forward, thinning out, really softening up, baby dropping– all of these things are signs of progression and so it’s something to keep in mind if a provider is like, “Well, you’ve been sitting at 6.5 centimeters now for 9 hours,” or whatever, but at the same time, your cervix went from 40% to 80% thinned and it went from super posterior to more mid-line and baby went from -3 to a 0. These are changes. These are absolutely changes and there are so many things that go into that. If a baby is high and not well-applied because they are trying to work their way down to the pelvis and our cervix is working on coming forward, there is so much that goes into that where now we’re going to have a baby.

If that change was made, now maybe we can have a baby that was well-applied to the cervix creating good pressure. Uterine activity is getting stronger. Things are progressing in the right way.

So in the ACOG thing, it does say that in contrast to the prior suggested threshold of 4 centimeters which we know is very outdated, the onset of active labor–

Julie: Right, that was according to the Friedman’s curve. Friedman’s curve called active labor at 4 centimeters but now we are getting all of this new information that yeah, it’s probably at 6. I feel like when you and me started as doulas 9-10 years ago, it was 4 centimeters, but a couple years after that, everything started shifting into 6. So it’s actually not that new, but kind of new. Sorry, keep going.

Meagan: Yeah. I want to get into our positions really quickly, but it does say even in here, the onset of labor for many women may not occur until 5-6 centimeters. May not occur until then and then we know that sometimes around 6 centimeters, it takes some time. We’re going to make sure all of these links here are in the show notes so you can check it out.

Meagan: But we only have a few minutes left so I really want to talk about positions, okay? So positions in my opinion can truly change failure to progress.

Julie: Yes. If there is a lull in labor, they’re getting close to calling a C-section, what can we do about that? Nobody wants to hang out at 4 centimeters forever. Nobody does so what can we do about that? Yes, Meagan? Sorry, go ahead.

Meagan: Movement. If you do not have an epidural, obviously movement is a lot more free. Moving around, just walking. Just flat-out walking. If we’ve got a higher baby and we’re trying to get a baby down, really think about that femur rotation turning out. You can walk and sometimes I’ve had my clients do this little step dance thing where you step really wide and out and then left and right and left and right. We are doing this weird-looking dance thing, but you’re grooving.

Julie: You’re grooving.

Meagan: That can really help. Or thinking about really big asymmetrical movements so put your leg up on the bed or on a stool or on a whatever and leaning over. Bigger movements and outward movements. If you have an epidural at this point, same thing. Rotate on your side and really open those knees up really, really wide. Try to keep those movements consistent.

If you’re exhausted and you have an epidural because you need sleep, I really, really believe in sleep and I think it’s very powerful. Find a good position. Sleep in that position and when you wake up, get going. Get active. But every 5 or so contractions, if you can, if not, make it 8, make some changes. It doesn’t have to be too dramatic. It sounds weird, but if you are at home, crawling up your stairs. Crawling up your stairs on your hands and knees is weird but it works or standing up and down going from the side– one side going down, standing back up, turning and walking back up, turning around, doing the other side down and coming back up. Those things are going to help.

Doing big figure 8’s or hip dips. As the baby gets lower, all of those things are really still important. We are going to be less focused on big open wide because now we’re going to want to get baby in and then down. So if you think about a pelvis, when the femur rotation goes out, the bottom goes in. Femur rotation in, bottom goes out. Thinking about these movements as you’re laboring and as you’re working through these things, as you’re in these positions. Think about our hips, our pelvis, and even doing some cat-cows in labor is really good.

We know there is the flying cowgirl. That is a really good one in labor too to get baby down and in.

Julie: Walcher’s.

Meagan: Walcher’s is not as fun, but it can be very good.

Julie: It is magical. I’ve seen it push labor through so well. I had a doctor once at the U come in. I had a client who was 5 centimeters. Baby wasn’t looking too great. She had been 5 centimeters for a while and we were doing Walcher’s. They came in because the heart rate– Walcher’s sometimes makes it hard to get a fetal heart rate so the nurses come in. They were talking about C-section and they were prepping, bringing in all of the C-section stuff for her partner to get ready.

They were like, “You can’t do this. Baby’s heart rate is not tolerating it.” I’m like, “No. It’s just not picking up the heart rate.” I’m like, “Okay, just one more contraction.” One more contraction later, she comes up and starts pushing 2 minutes later and her baby is born. the doctors are freaking out because, “Oh my gosh, the bed’s not designed to labor like this.” Not everyone, sorry, but those are a little couple of pushbacks I’ve gotten sometimes.

Meagan: It’s weird-looking. It’s funky. It’s uncomfortable.

Julie: Yeah. It’s curious and some staff at hospitals do not– if they see something new and they don’t know about it, they automatically assume it’s not good because they need to keep everything in line and to the protocol and all of those things. But yeah, it’s just really a magical thing.

Meagan: There’s also the abdominal lift. You can abdominal lift. I think actively moving through the contraction which can get really hard in that active phase, but through the contraction can actually help. Hands and knees, sacrum, and all of those things. Holy cow, there are so many positions.

Julie: Yeah, can I just touch back? When you said about the epidural, I love when you’re not resting, I think sometimes it’s easy to get discouraged if you want an epidural but you also want to move during labor. I want to expound on that a little bit because you can move with an epidural still and here’s how you do it. My favorite labor position with an epidural is sitting up in the throne. You lay the head of the bed all the way up, drop the feet down, then you crisscross your legs. Put the peanut ball under your right leg. Five contractions later, peanut ball under your left leg. Five contractions later, criss-cross your legs again or stretch them out straight and then repeat.

Do you know what? There are so many magical ways that that helps. It keeps your pelvis moving and shifting and growing. I swear that is the most magical position for laboring with an epidural because you are upright. Baby is going to move down. The pelvis is moving and shifting so it creates lots of movement and space and I have seen that progress labors relatively quickly to how they have been going before we set up the throne so many times. I love that. I will swear. I will die on that hill. If you are failure to progress and things aren’t moving, sit up, drop your legs, get the peanut ball. It doesn’t even have to be the peanut ball. Maybe you don’t have one in your hospital but stack a couple of pillows but put one leg up. Put your foot flat on the bed so your knee is making a triangle. I don’t know how to describe it the right way and then drop it and put the other leg up and then criss-cross your legs then stick them out straight like two little sticks.

Meagan: Every five. Every five, have subtle changes. Every five, subtle changes. Keep that in mind when you are laboring.

Women of Strength, know that failure to progress is rarely truly failure to progress. We get it. We’ve been told the same thing. We see it all of the time as doulas. There’s more. There’s more and don’t feel like you have to say, “Okay” to a Cesarean if your cervix hasn’t dilated to a certain amount that the provider is wanting. Assuming you and baby are doing well, you can always ask for more time.

Okay, we are on a soapbox. We could probably continue for a whole while longer, but Julie, thank you for joining me today and talking about failure to progress and what it is and what it isn’t.

Julie: You’re welcome.

Closing

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